SPY

Price to earnings. What you pay today per dollar of last year’s profit. Lower = cheaper, but a fast-growing company can look expensive and still be a bargain.

Price to sales. Useful when earnings are volatile or negative. Lower = cheaper relative to revenue.

Price to book. Market value vs. accounting value of equity. Below 1× can signal a bargain or a broken business.

Enterprise value vs. operating cash flow. Better than P/E across different capital structures.

Annual dividend as a % of current share price. Higher = more income per dollar invested.

Year-over-year change in trailing twelve months of revenue. Measures top-line expansion.

Year-over-year change in earnings per share. Captures bottom-line progress, including buybacks.